泥水预分离MBR膜污染缓减效能研究

通过长期运行实验,进行了泥水预分离膜生物反应器（sludge/water pre-separation membrane bioreactor, S/W-MBR）与传统淹没式膜生物反应器（submerged membrane bioreactor, SMBR）对比研究,考察了污泥浓度、胞外聚合物含量（extracellular polymeric substances, EPS）及过膜阻力（trans-membrane pressure, TMP）随运行时间的变化规律及其对膜污染的缓减作用.结果表明,S/W-MBR与SMBR生物区的污泥浓度基本一致,而S/W-MBR膜区的污泥浓度较SMBR有显著降低.两者生物区的EPS含量均随运行时间的延长而增加,而S/W-MBR膜区的单位质量污泥的EPS含量始终保持在15 mg/g左右的较低水平.S/W-MBR比SMBR具有更好的缓减膜污染能力,在近90d的连续运行过程中,前者的膜组件仅需清洗2次,后者的膜组件清洗了5次.     

原生颗粒污泥单级自养脱氮工艺处理污泥压滤液的研究

在长期运行的处理污泥压滤液的气提亚硝化反应器中发现了单级自养脱氮反应,并形成了具有自养脱氮性能的原生颗粒污泥.以原生颗粒污泥启动并运行了单级自养脱氮反应器,对污泥压滤液进行脱氮处理取得了良好效果.进水总氮浓度为350 mg.L-1左右时,总氮平均去除率为74.81%,最高达86.92%,总氮平均去除负荷(以N计,下同)为0.68 kg.(m3.d)-1,最高达0.90 kg.(m3.d)-1.投加粉末活性炭后单级自养脱氮反应得到强化,运行稳定性得到提高.进水基质浓度、氮负荷及曝气量对自养脱氮反应影响较大.污泥压滤液中的有机物、pH值和碱度对单级自养脱氮反应影响较小.曝气量/ΔTN、曝气量/ΔNH4+-N及ΔALK/ΔTN比值可作为单级自养脱氮反应重要的运行指标.     

两级SBR工艺去除磷、氮及有机物效能分析

以模拟生活污水为处理对象,在常温条件下,采用对比试验与机制分析方法,研究了两级SBR工艺分级除磷、去除有机物及脱氮的特性,分析了工艺的效能优势.结果表明,通过控制泥龄(除磷级5~7 d,脱氮级约50 d),可以将异养的PAOs与硝化菌分别控制在2个反应器中优势生长,在出水水质更优的情况下,系统的处理效率可比单级SBR提高1倍以上;两级SBR系统可以有效地缓解有机负荷对硝化过程的冲击影响,在进水COD浓度较高的情况下,能够保持其脱氮级(SBS2)具有稳定的硝化速率,且系统的最终出水可以容易并稳定地达到TP≤0.5 mg.L-1的国家标准;另外,两级SBR的脱氮级(SBS2)除具有优势的硝化菌种外,还能培养出适合降解难降解有机物的异养菌,使其好氧硝化结束时COD浓度较单级SBR系统更低.     

SBR中除磷颗粒污泥的培养和A/O及A/A/O颗粒污泥工艺除磷特性研究

以絮状活性污泥为接种污泥,乙酸钠为碳源,在SBR反应器内采用水力筛选的方法进行生物除磷颗粒污泥培养,然后诱导为反硝化聚磷颗粒污泥,探讨2种颗粒污泥除磷特性.结果表明,在厌氧/好氧(A/O)交替运行条件下,82d后培养出生物除磷颗粒污泥,污泥颜色呈淡黄色,粒径为0.5~1.5 mm,沉速为20~30 m/h,含水率为94%,密度为1.043 9,SVI在50 mL/g以下;437d时污泥最大比释磷速率(SRPR)为67.7 mg/(g.h),最大比吸磷速率(SUPR)为43.2 mg/(g.h),污泥中总磷的含量(TP/SS)为6.5%;448 d时改变运行条件为厌氧/缺氧/好氧(A/A/O)进行反硝化聚磷试验,653 d时反硝化聚磷颗粒污泥最大SRPR为30mg/(g.h),最大缺氧SUPR为27.9 mg/(g.h),TP/SS为6.3%.生物除磷颗粒污泥和反硝化聚磷颗粒污泥具有较强的除磷能力.     

两种生物沥滤-电动修复联合技术的比较

比较研究了生物沥滤和电动修复不同的结合方式对污泥中重金属处理效果的影响.在先进行生物沥滤4d之后用电动修复技术对污泥进行处理,试验结束之后污泥中的Cu含量为60.5mg·kg-1,Zn含量为170mg·kg-1;而采用同步生物沥滤和电动修复试验时,处理结束后污泥中Cu含量为122.8mg·kg-1,Zn含量为110mg·kg-1.利用2种修复技术处理污泥,污泥中重金属含量均达到我国污泥土地农田利用的标准,但先生物沥滤后电动修复可以减少能耗.     

低强度超声波与酸、碱协同对污泥溶胞的影响

在能量密度为0.05W·mL-1和pH范围3.0～12.0条件下,研究了超声波辐射与酸、碱协同对污泥溶胞效果的影响.结果表明,溶解性化学需氧量(SCOD)、溶解性磷(SP)和溶解性糖(SA)含量随pH增大均呈先降后升趋势.当pH为3.0时,污泥溶胞效果不高,随污泥溶液碱性增强,SCOD、SP和SA含量随pH呈指数增长,说明强碱性环境有利于污泥溶胞.超声波辐射可显著提高污泥溶胞率,而且pH越大超声波辐射改善的溶胞效率越高.pH=11.0时超声波辐射60min以内,SCOD、SP和SA含量与时间均呈线性关系,超声波/碱协同污泥溶胞为一级反应.pH大于9.0的碱性条件下,超声波辐射和提高pH均可降低VSS/TSS.依据实验数据,应用非线性优化技术得到SCOD与pH和超声波辐射时间的数学模型,其平均相对误差小于2.6%.     

超声处理对剩余污泥的粒径和溶出物的影响

为了有效地发挥微型动物摄食对剩余污泥的减量作用,研究了超声声能密度和超声时间对剩余污泥的粒径和溶出物(蛋白质、多糖、DNA、COD及BOD)溶出的影响.在脉冲比2:1和超声时间10min的条件下,声能密度为0.2W·mL-1时出现一个污泥粒径变化的转折点,当小于转折点时污泥粒径随声能密度增加明显下降,而当大于转折点时污泥粒径几乎不受声能密度影响.在脉冲比2:1和声能密度0.8W·mL-1的条件下,超声时间5min是个转折点.上清液中溶出物的浓度随超声波声能密度或超声时间的增加而增加,各溶出物指标之间存在显著的相关关系.溶出物指标中蛋白质指标可以较好地反映出污泥破解状态.为了得到既能使污泥粒径变小到微型动物可摄食的程度又能使污泥中溶出物的溶出量最少的效果,建议声能密度或超声时间取上述转折点为限值.个数平均粒径(Dn)和重量平均粒径(Dw)分别反映了污泥的几何粒径变化和溶出物的溶出状况,因此,在超声破解污泥-微型动物摄食污泥的污泥减量工艺中可通过Dn和Dw的并用来决定剩余污泥超声处理的工艺参数.     

基于ASBR反应器的厌氧氨氧化启动及特性研究

采用ASBR反应器,接种消化污泥和厌氧颗粒污泥的混合污泥,在温度(35±1)℃、HRT为24h、pH为7.3～8.5的条件下经过160d的培养,获得了砖红色的厌氧氨氧化菌菌胶团.试验结果表明:进水NH+4-N和NO-2-N浓度约为180mg·L-1,平均总氮容积负荷为0.38kg·m-3·d-1时.NH4+4-N和NO-2N的去除率平均为93.2%和95.7%,TN平均去除率为86.9%.厌氧氨氧化反应过程出水pH值高于进水,稳定在7.74左右.     

Enzyme extraction by ultrasound from sludge flocs

Enzymes play essential roles in the biological processes of sludge treatment. In this article, the ultrasound method to extract enzymes from sludge flocs was presented. Results showed that using ultrasound method at 20 kHz could extract more types of enzymes than that ultrasound at 40 kHz and ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) methods. The optimum parameters of ultrasound extraction at 20 kHz were duration of 10 min and power of 480 W. Under the condition, ultrasound could break the cells and extract both the extracellular and intercellular enzymes. Ultrasound power was apparently more susceptive to enzyme extraction than duration, suggesting that the control of power during ultrasound extraction was more important than that of duration. The Pearson correlation analysis between enzyme activities and cation contents revealed that the different types of enzymes had distinct cation binding characteristics.     

Combined alkaline and ultrasonic pretreatment of sludge before aerobic digestion

Alkaline and ultrasonic sludge disintegration can both be used as pretreatments of waste activated sludge (WAS) for improving the subsequent anaerobic or aerobic digestion. The pretreatment has been carried out using different combination of these two methods in this study. The effect was evaluated based on the quantity of soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) in the pretreated sludge as well as the degradation of organic matter in the following aerobic digestion. For WAS samples with combined pretreatment, the released COD was in high level than those with ultrasonic or alkaline treatment. When combined with the same ultrasonic treatment, NaOH treatment resulted in more solubilization of WAS than Ca(OH)2. For combined NaOH and ultrasonic treatments with different sequences, the released COD were in the order: simultaneous treatment > ultrasonic treatment following NaOH treatment > NaOH treatment following ultrasonic treatment. For simultaneous treatment, low NaOH dosage (100 g/kg dry solid), short duration (30 min) of NaOH treatment, and low ultrasonic specific energy (7 500 kJ/kg dry solid) were beneficial for sludge disintegration. Using combined NaOH and ultrasonic pretreatment with the optimium parameters, the degradation efficiency of organic matter was increased from 38.0% to 50.7%, which is much higher than with ultrasonic (42.5%) or with NaOH pretreatment (43.5%) in the subsequent aerobic digestion at the same retention time.